Proteases break peptide bonds. It is often necessary to measure and/or compare the activity of alkaline proteases using different procedures in the lab. Many studies with keen interest on alkaline proteases mostly use quantitative and/or qualitative assay methods to assay the enzyme activity of proteases. There is need to select a suitable assay method from the reported ones which will be ideal for any proposed study. There could be challenges when choosing the right assay method from the existing ones, thereby prompting the need for a review of the various methods for the quantitative assay of alkaline protease, the quantitative methods and protocols used from 1938 until now and their industrial applications were chronologically reviewed.

Background: There are limited data on the assessment biochemical and hematological profile in the chronic renal failure of pre and post dialysis in the Gaza Strip. Objective: To evaluating some biochemical parameters and hematological profile in the chronic renal failure of pre and post dialysis at Martyr Mohammed El-Najjar Hospital in Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine. Methods: Forty-three (end-stage renal disease) ESRD patients, aged 20-70 years old who were referred to Martyr Mohammed Youssef Al-Najjar Hospital in Rafah for the dialysis department. 43 apparently healthy individuals matched for ages were used as a control group for comparisons. Results: The results showed that post-dialysis higher statistically significant in Hb, RBC, HCT, PLT, AST, ALT, ALP and Ca level than pre-dialysis. While Ph, WBC, RDW, creatinine, Urea was lower statistically significant in post-dialysis than pre-dialysis (P < 0.05). Conclusion: chronic kidney disease shows abnormal hematological parameters, precisely reduced levels of RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count, in addition, pre-dialysis patients are more anemic and thrombocytopenic than post-dialysis patients and this is may indicate of lack of blood pressure and diabetic control in these patients. AST& ALT activities vary in concentration before and after dialysis and make the post-dialysis patients are higher than pre-dialysis.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The behavior of the general public will probably have an important bearing on the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Human behavior is influenced by peoples knowledge and perceptions. This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the people in the state of Kassala. A cross-sectional descriptive survey of 210 Sudanese residents from the state of kassala was conducted between March –May 2020. 210 questionnaires where distributed, Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis for frequencies and chi-square was obtained using R Language Version R i386 4.0.2. 96.2 % of our respondents heard about corona (p-value < 2.2e-16), while the main source of information was through the radio 34.3 %( p-value = 5.515e-15). 83.3 % of the respondents think they are at risk of exposure to COVID -19, 97.6% think that it’s important to take measures to prevent corona virus in the community. Most of our respondents (94.35) think that corona causes stigma to the affected people. 61.9% of our participants think the virus is very dangerous. In the effort to prevent the spread of the disease, 28.6% the respondents stopped greeting people while 28 % of them did not take any measures to stop it. There is poor knowledge, attitude and practice to wards corona in the state of kassala. The ministry of health needs to intensify the effort to provide knowledge through radio, as it was the most commonly used media in our community.

The present study was designed to evaluate the alterations in the liver tissues especially ITO and Kupffer cells of both castrated and castrated mice treated with10 µl/g of grape juice. The present study was conducted on forty five healthy males of Swiss albino mice, which were divided into 3 groups (N= 15 mice per each group). The first group was intact (control); the second one was castrated and the third group was castrated treated with 10 µl/g of grape juice. The ultra-structure sections of liver tissue from intact (control) group showed normal structure of both hepatocytes and sinusoids, with smooth external surfaces. Whereas ultra-sections from castrated group resulted in: degeneration of hepatocytes, deterioration of sinusoids; rough external surfaces, with aggregations of lipid droplets and white blood cells as compared with the control group. However treatment of castrated subjects with10µl/g of grape juice resulted in activation the regeneration processes in both hepatocytes and sinusoids, with smooth appearance of the external surfaces as compared with control group. The present study concluded that surgical castration aggravated increased hepatic steatosis and increased inflammatory response by increased activation of Kupffer and Ito cells, these effects could be reserved by aggravated increased grape juice administration.

Repeated and persistent displacement forces can lead to acquired abnormalities in the position of the foregut in premature neonates. Cow milk protein intolerance should be considered early as a cause of feed intolerance, recurrent vomiting and other gastrointestinal symptoms in premature neonates. Upper gastrointestinal contrast study cannot be used to diagnose gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Background An extremely premature neonate developed abnormal position of the stomach and duodenum secondary to prolonged nasojejunal tube feeds. This led to acquired intrathoracic stomach which required surgical correction. She was diagnosed to have Cow milk protein intolerance and improved with hydrolysed feeds. Postoperatively she progressed well and is currently on a mixture of oral and gastric feeds.

During the first three months of life, Group B streptococcus or Agalactiae (GBS) can cause meningitis and be associated with cerebrovascular accidents resulting from sepsis and infection of the central nervous system. This article presents the unusual case of a female infant who was afflicted with GBS, meningitis, sepsis complicated by septic shock, ischemic lesions secondary to inflammatory vasculitis and a cerebral abscess accompanied by epileptic seizures with a hypsarrythmia electroencephalographic pattern. A long-term NICU stay with antibiotic management, inotropic support and antiepileptic treatment succeeded in resolving the acute stage of the illness. Out-patient follow-up revealed increased muscle-tone, but delayed neurological development. While this improved significantly with integral rehabilitative therapy, a slight delay still remained. Neuroimaging follow-up at 18 months found malacia-area and core retractions in the left caudate nucleus.